Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Apelin-13 in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) attenuates myocardial ischemia through V1a receptors in PVN/nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and GARγ2 in NTS

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2025.5652

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of apelin-13 microinjection into the PVN on cardiac function in MI model rats. (A) MI models were established one day after implanting an osmotic mini-pump delivering apelin-13 into the PVN. Cardiac function was assessed and tissue samples were collected 28 days after mini-pump implantation. (B) Representative western blots for the V1a receptor and GARγ2 in the PVN and NTS from MI model rats and MI model rats continuously microinjected with apelin-13 into the PVN for 28 days. (C) Quantification of V1a receptor protein levels. (D) Quantification of GARγ2 receptor protein levels. (E) Representative ultrasound images (M-mode) performed on days 28 after MI and sham-operated control. Echocardiographic results for (F) LVEDD, (G) LVESD, (H) LVEF and (I) LVFS (n=6 in the sham-operated control group; n=5 in the MI group, one rat succumbed at 20 days; n=6 in the MI + apelin group). Plasma levels of (J) SST, (K) CCK, (L) VIP, (M) GLP-1, (N) noradrenaline and (O) vasopressin (n=6 in the sham-operated control group; n=5 in the MI group, one rat succumbed at 20 days; n=6 in the MI + apelin group). Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The data in C-D show mean ± SEM; F-O show mean ± SD. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple-comparisons test. * P<0.05; ** P<0.01; *** P<0.001. Post-hoc power exceeded 80% for all comparisons. PVN, paraventricular nucleus; MI, myocardial infarction; V1a, Vasopressin 1a; GAR, GABA A receptor; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarii; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, lower left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVFS, left ventricular fraction shortening; SST, isomatostatin; CCK, cholecystokinin; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1.

Article Snippet: The levels of somatostatin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the serum were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits: Somatostatin (cat. no. NBP2-80271; Novus Biologicals; Bio-Techne), cholecystokinin (cat. no. EIAR-CCK-1; RayBiotech, Inc.), glucagon-like peptide-1 (cat. no. E-EL-R3007-96T; Wuhan Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Wuhan Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (cat. no. NBP2-82466; Novus Biologicals; Bio-Techne).

Techniques: Microinjection, Western Blot, Control, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Apelin-13 in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) attenuates myocardial ischemia through V1a receptors in PVN/nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and GARγ2 in NTS

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2025.5652

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanisms of the effect of apelin-13 overexpression (AAV2-apelin-13 gene transfer) in the PVN on V1a receptor-mediated improvement in cardiac function in MI model rats. (A) Representative western blot image of V1a receptor expression in the PVN or NTS and GARγ2 expression in the NTS. (B-D) Quantification of V1a receptor expression. (E) Representative western blotting to assess Bcl-2, Bax, TGF-β1 and Smad2 protein levels in the heart and (F-I) quantification of the protein levels. Plasma levels of (J) SST, (K) CCK, (L) VIP and (M) GLP-1 (n=7 in the sham-operated control group; n=5 in the MI group, 2 rats succumbed; n=7 in the MI + apelin-13 group; n=5 in the MI + apelin-13 + SR49059 (PVN) group, 2 rats succumbed; n=6 in the MI + apelin-13 + SR49059 (NTS) group, 1 rat succumbed; n=6 in the MI + apelin-13 + muscimol (NTS) group, 1 rat succumbed). Representative plasma levels of (N) noradrenaline and (O) vasopressin (n=7 in the sham-operated control group; n=6 in the MI group, 1 rat succumbed; n=7 in the MI + apelin-13 group; n=6 in the MI + apelin-13 + SR49059 (PVN) group, 1 rat succumbed; n=6 in the MI + apelin-13 + SR49059 (NTS) group, 1 rat succumbed; n=7 in the MI + apelin-13 + muscimol (NTS) group). Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The data in B-D and F-I show mean ± SEM; data in J-O are shown as mean ± SD and were analyzed via one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's multiple-comparisons test. In B-D and F-O, * P<0.05 vs. sham-operated control group; † P<0.05 vs. MI group; ‡ P<0.05 vs. MI + apelin-13 group; § P<0.05 vs. MI + apelin-13 + SR49059 (PVN); # P<0.05 vs. MI + apelin-13 + SR49059 (NTS). Post-hoc power exceeded 80% for all key comparisons. PVN, paraventricular nucleus; V1a, Vasopressin 1a; MI, myocardial infarction; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarii; GAR, GABA A receptor; SST, isomatostatin; CCK, cholecystokinin; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1.

Article Snippet: The levels of somatostatin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the serum were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits: Somatostatin (cat. no. NBP2-80271; Novus Biologicals; Bio-Techne), cholecystokinin (cat. no. EIAR-CCK-1; RayBiotech, Inc.), glucagon-like peptide-1 (cat. no. E-EL-R3007-96T; Wuhan Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Wuhan Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (cat. no. NBP2-82466; Novus Biologicals; Bio-Techne).

Techniques: Over Expression, Western Blot, Expressing, Clinical Proteomics, Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Apelin-13 in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) attenuates myocardial ischemia through V1a receptors in PVN/nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and GARγ2 in NTS

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2025.5652

Figure Lengend Snippet: Graphical model summarizing the hypothesized pathway. Overexpression of apelin-13 in the PVN promotes upregulation of V1a receptors in both the PVN and NTS, while downregulating GARγ2 in the NTS. These neural modifications collectively enhance parasympathetic outflow. Furthermore, paraventricular endocrine system secretes circulating neurohumoral factors that systemically mediate cardioprotection. PVN, paraventricular nucleus; V1a, Vasopressin 1a; MI, myocardial infarction; NTS, nucleus tractus solitarii; GAR, GABA A receptor; SST, isomatostatin; CCK, cholecystokinin; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; VIP, vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Article Snippet: The levels of somatostatin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and vasoactive intestinal peptide in the serum were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits: Somatostatin (cat. no. NBP2-80271; Novus Biologicals; Bio-Techne), cholecystokinin (cat. no. EIAR-CCK-1; RayBiotech, Inc.), glucagon-like peptide-1 (cat. no. E-EL-R3007-96T; Wuhan Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Wuhan Elabscience Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (cat. no. NBP2-82466; Novus Biologicals; Bio-Techne).

Techniques: Over Expression

Journal: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Article Title: External damp environment aggravates diarrhea in spleen deficiency and dampness syndrome in mice: involvement of small intestinal contents microbiota, energy metabolism, gastrointestinal and fluid functions

doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1495311

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differences in gastrointestinal function and fluid metabolism in diarrhea patients with spleen deficiency and dampness. (A) Serum D-xylose levels. (B) Serum gastrin (Gas) levels. (C) Serum vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: ** p <0.01,*** p <0.001. The experimental groups included ZC (normal group), ZL (standing group), ZLZ (standing combined with lard group), and ZLZS (standing combined with internal and external dampness group).

Article Snippet: The specifications for the ELISA kits used in the analysis are as follows: Mouse Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) ELISA Kit (Batch number: JM-02729M2, Jiangsu Jingmei Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), Mouse Gastrin ELISA Kit (Batch number: JM-03140M2, Jiangsu Jingmei Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), Mouse D-xylose ELISA Kit (Batch number: JM-12962M2, Jiangsu Jingmei Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), Mouse Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) ELISA Kit (Batch number: JM-02304M2, Jiangsu Jingmei Biotechnology Co., Ltd.), and Mouse Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) ELISA Kit (Batch number: JM-02827M2, Jiangsu Jingmei Biotechnology Co., Ltd.).

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